流行病与卫生统计学 01绪论.pptVIP

* 医学生学习流行病学的意义 更新医学观 (树立整体医学观) 促进实现医学模式的转变 从一维的、以疾病为中心的模式向三维的或多维的、以病人为中心的模式转变。 实现由关心个体病人到从群体角度关心病人的转变 提高观察、理解和解决健康问题的层次 * 流行病学的定义 流行病学的研究方法 总　结 流行病学的定义及重要观点？ 流行病学的主要研究方法有哪些？ 思考题： * The essentials of epidemiology noted by Hippocrates included observations on how diseases affected populations and how disease spread. He further addressed issues of diseases in relation to time and seasons, place, environmental conditions, and disease control, especially as it related to water and seasons. The broader contribution to epidemiology made by Hippocrates was that of epidemiological observation. His teachings about how to observe any and all contributing or causal factors to a disease are still sound epidemiological concepts. 《论气、水和地区》 《论瘟疫》，共7册，其中第一和第三册无疑是希伯克拉底的手笔 * Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis (1787-1872) has been the direct or indirect mentor of influential U.S. and English scientists in public health, epidemiology, medicine, and biostatistics during the 19th and 20th century. Louis was primarily a clinician, but his name has been more closely associated with the history of epidemiology. There is an imbalance between the fame of Louiss scientific contribution and the scarcity of in depth analyses of his work. The controversy related to the usage of bloodletting for treating inflammatory diseases is one of the most famous episodes of Louiss work. A modern analysis of Louiss data confirms his original conclusions; that is, early bloodletting seems to reduce the duration of a pneumonitis disease in patients who survive from this disease but may also increase the overall short-term mortality. Some basic algebraic mistakes in computations of means tend to attenuate the verdict against bloodletting, but these are trivial relative to the rigor of the overall demonstration and to Louiss methodological contribution to clinical observation. Louis firmly belongs to the history of epidemiology. He deserves a similar place in the history of medicine. * John Snow was a founding