普通语言学8-Pragmatics解读.ppt

普通语言学 8 语 用 学 1. 语用学的定义：不同的视角 1)?Speaker Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. (Yule, 1996:3) Pragmatics is a theory which seeks to characterise how speakers use the sentences of a language to effect successful communication. (Kempson, 1975:84) 2) Listener Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said. (Yule, 1996:3) Pragmatics is the study of understanding intentional human action. (Green, 1996:2) 3) Context Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning. (Yule, 1996:3) Pragmatics can be usefully defined as the study of how utterances have meanings in situations. (Leech, 1983:x) Pragmatics, as a topic in linguistics, is the study of the use of context to make inferences about meaning. (Fasold, 1993:119) Pragmatics is the study of the conditions of human language uses as these are determined by the context of society. (Mey, 1993:42) 4) Social interaction Pragmatics is the study of the ability of language users to pair sentences with the contexts in which they would be appropriate.(Levinson, 1983:24) (In this book I shall be working towards a definition of) pragmatics as meaning in interaction. (Thomas, 1995:24) Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance. (Yule, 1996:3) 5) Functions of language Pragmatics (is) a general functional perspective on (any aspect of) language, i.e. as an approach to language which takes into account the full complexity of its cognitive, social, and cultural (i.e. meaningful) functioning in the lives of human beings. (Verschueren, 1995:13-14) Crystal 从使用者的角度来研究语言，尤其是从使用者所做出的选择，使用者在社会交际中使用语言所遇到的制约，语言使用对交际行为中的其他参与者的影响。 IN MODERN LINGUISTICS, pragmatics has come to be applied to the study of language from the point of view of the users, especially the choices they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social interaction, and the effects their use of language has on other participants in an act of communication.（Crystal, D. 1985. A Dictionary of Lingui