02像经济学家一样思考【30页】.pptVIP

Thinking Like an Economist像经济学家一样思考 Chapter 2 The Economist as a Scientist作为科学家的经济学家 The economic way of thinking . . . 经济学思考方法… Involves thinking analytically and objectively. 客观地分析与思考。 Makes use of the scientific method. 利用科学的方法。 The Scientific Method Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates. Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories. 科学方法 利用抽象的模型帮助解释复杂的真实世界如何运行。 形成理论，收集并分析数据来验证理论。 Economic Models Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world Two of the most basic economic models include: 经济模型 经济学家利用模型来简化真实世界，使我们更好地理解这个世界。 两个最基本的经济学模型是： The Circular-Flow Model经济循环流向图 The circular-flow model is a simple way to visually show the economic transactions that occur between households and firms in the economy. 循环流向图——一个直观地说明一个经济体内家庭和企业之间的经济交易行为的简单方式。 The Circular-Flow Diagram 经济循环图 The Circular-Flow Diagram经济循环图 Factors of Production 生产要素 Inputs used to produce goods and services 用于生产物品与劳务的投入 Land, labor, and capital 土地、劳动和资本 The Production Possibilities Frontier The production possibilities frontier is a graph showing the various combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and technology. 生产可能性边界 生产可能性边界—— 表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形。 The Production Possibilities Frontier生产可能性边界 Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities Frontier Efficiency Tradeoffs Opportunity Cost Economic Growth 生产可能性边界阐明的概念 效率 权衡取舍 机会成本 经济增长 Microeconomics and Macroeconomics Microeconomics focuses on the individual parts of the economy. How households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole. How the markets, as a whole, interact at the national level. 微观经济学与宏观经济学 微观经济学 的研究对象是经济中的个体 家庭和企业如何作出决策，以及他们如何在特定市场上相互交易。 宏观经济学 研究经济总体现象。 从总体上看，各种市场在国家水平上如何相互影响。 Two Roles of Economists经济学家的两个角色 When they are trying t