现代语言学学习笔记.doc

现代语言学学习笔记 第一章、绪论Introduction 1、语言学的主要分支是什么。每个分支的研究对象是什么？ Linguistics mainly involves the following branches: General linguistics, which is the study of language as a whole and which deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study Phonetics, which studies the sounds that are used in linguistic communication Phonology, which studies how sounds are put together and used in communication Morphology, which studies the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words Syntax, which studies how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences Semantics, which is the study of meaning in language. Pragmatics, which is the study of meaning not in isolation, but in context of use Sociolinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to society Psycholinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to the workings of mind. Applied linguistics, which is concerned about the application of linguistic findings in linguistic studies; In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. Other related branches are anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics, mathematical linguistics, and computational linguistics. 2、 现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别？ Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on high (religious, literary) written language . It sets models for language users to follow. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is correct or not. 3、什么叫共时研究？什么叫历时研究？ The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchroni