王无瑕.pptVIP

Teachers and teaching 姓名：王无瑕 学号：2008060038 Definitions Teaching is a complex and controversial profession, and the education literature is full of teaching modules that present varied conceptualizations of the nature of teaching. Teacher: In a natural setting, teachers usually are native speakers or near-native speakers of the language and can cope with various decision-making steps that deal with language use; In the foreign language setting, teachers are typically non-native speakers who may have never spent time in an English speaking country and therefore may find it much harder to make decisions of a native-like nature. Waves of change The classical Approach: Time: In the 18th and 19th centuries. Content: Classical approach focus on grammatical rules, memorization of vocabulary and of various declension and conjugations, translation of texts, doing written exercises. Evaluation：It requires few specialized skills on the part of teachers. It is a method for which there is no theory. How simple this makes life for teachers, and what an unassailable position they occupy. Teachers are expected to “know the grammar” of the second language and to be able to provide technical explanations, rules, and examples. The relationship between teacher and learner is that of the classical teacher-centered methodology. Four decades of change Since the end of World WarⅡ, teachers have found themselves under considerable pressure to abandon the long-standing teacher-centered model. In Europe generally, changes that were occurring were based on functional theories of language; In the United Kingdom in particular. Although approaches emphasized contemporary, oral language, they led more directly to what are now known as communicative approaches (Howatt1984:272) In the United States and Canada, change was heavily influenced by behaviorism. Teachers of language were not to seek equal status with teachers of other subjects, but to proclaim their independence. Changing per