国外教育心理学课件概念概念概述KatieK.ppt

Concrete and Social Reinforcers By: Katie Kannenberg A Reinforcer is: Any consequence that increases the frequency of a particular behavior Ex. Potty training The act of following a particular response with a reinforcer is called reinforcement. Ex. Sucker Positive Reinforcement Whenever a particular stimulus is presented after a behavior, and the behavior increases as a result, positive reinforcement has occurred. (Operant Conditioning) Ex. Some students will make a response to get teachers praise, but others may behave to get themselves a scolding. Be careful what type of attention you give Concrete Reinforcers A concrete reinforcer is an actual physical object. Ex. Toys, Snacks These are especially effective with young children. Social Reinforcers A gesture or sign that one person gives another regarding a recently performed response Ex. Smile, Hugs, Praise, group work with friends As teachers, we can use simple social gestures Ex. Nods of Approval Activity Reinforcers An opportunity to engage in a favorite activity Premack principle Ex. 3rd graders Ex. High School students Ex. At-Risk Students Negative Reinforcement Brings about the increase of a behavior through the removal of a stimulus. Teachers should try not to use negative reinforcement. The term negative simply refers to the removal of a stimulus. Ex. A child who acts up in class is removed from the classroom which reinforced his behavior because it enabled him to get out of class. Punishment A consequence that decreases the frequency of the response it follows. All punishment falls into two different categories: Presentation, or Removal Presentation Punishment Involves presenting a new stimulus, presumably something that a student finds unpleasant and doesn’t want. Ex. Spanking, scolding, teacher scowls Removal Punishment Involves removing a previously existing stimulus, presumably one that a student finds desirable and does not want to lose. Ex. Loss of privileges, a fine, or g