国外记忆和认知课件ch.ppt

Remembering Algorithms vs Experts - Stereotypes and Problem-Solving Experts use Schemas built from their experience They evaluate about 6 pieces of information out of a much larger set of data. Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 11 The process is subject to: Confirmation Bias Representativeness Availability Anchoring and Adjustment Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 12 The Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic Research on the Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic Multiplication study (p. 420) if the first number was large, the estimates were higher than if the first number was small single-digit numbers anchored the estimates far too low anchor may restrict the search for relevant information in memory Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 12 The Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic Applications of the Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic making judgments about other people stereotypes and judging individuals courtroom sentences Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 12 The Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic Estimating Confidence Intervals confidence interval—range within which we expect a number to fall a certain percentage of the time estimated confidence intervals tend to be too narrow anchor may be erroneous and adjustments too small people dont really understand confidence intervals confidence intervals vs. estimated certainty Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 12 Decision Making The Framing Effect framing effect—the outcome of a decision can be influenced by: (1) the background context of the choice and (2) the way in which a question is worded Huber and colleagues (1987)—Is the pitcher half empty, or is the pitcher half full?” Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 12 The Framing Effect Background Information and the Framing Effect Kahneman and Tversky (1984)—lost ticket/lost $20 study Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 12 The Framing Effect Question Wording and the Framing Effect people distracted by surface structure of the