简明语言学第4章Syntax案例分析.ppt

Many linguists nowadays, however, believe that sentences, like other phrases, also have their own heads. Inflection (dubbed ‘Infl’屈折变化) is an abstract category as their heads, which indicates the sentence’s tense and agreement. Present: S → NP Infl VP InflP(=S) NP VP Infl the subject, as specifier as head as complement InflP (=S) Det N V Det N A boy found the evidence Pst Infl NP VP NP head Det N V Det N A boy will find the evidence InflP (=S) NP VP NP Infl head Did the boy find the evidence? What will he do? A transformation is a special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another. It can be inversion (倒置), insertion (插入) or other kinds of movement. 4.6.1 Auxiliary movement (inversion) 4.6.2 Do insertion 4.6.3 Deep structure surface structure 4.6.4 Wh-movement InflP(=S) NP VP Infl the subject, as specifier as head as complement A boy will find the evidence. Jim can swim very well. Will the train arrive? （助动词） C The yes-no question structure are built in two steps: Step 1: the usual XP rule is used to form a statement. Step 2: form a yes-no question using inversion (倒置). Det N V The train will arrive NP VP S Infl Inversion ? Move Infl to the left of the subject NP. complementizer (补语化成分) CP a word which introduce the sentence complement. Inversion ? Move Infl to C. (P54) Will the train arrive? C complement clause(=S) complement phrases (CP) matrix clause (主句) I believed that she was innocent. Det N V The train will arrive NP VP S Infl C CP A trans-formation is a special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another. Please analyze the following phrase by drawing a tree diagram for it: Should the student report the