国际商务PPTChapter.pptVIP

* * The answer is c. * * The International Monetary Fund (IMF) Articles of Agreement were heavily influenced by the worldwide financial collapse, competitive devaluations, trade wars, high unemployment, hyperinflation in Germany and elsewhere, and general economic disintegration that occurred between the two world wars. The aim of the IMF was to try to avoid a repetition of that chaos through a combination of discipline and flexibility. * * * The system of fixed exchange rates established at Bretton Woods worked well until the late 1960’s. The US dollar was the only currency that could be converted into gold The US dollar served as the reference point for all other currencies Any pressure to devalue the dollar would cause problems through out the world Factors that led to the collapse of the fixed exchange system include: President Johnson financed both the Great Society and Vietnam by printing money High inflation and high spending on imports On August 8, 1971, President Nixon announces dollar no longer convertible into gold Countries agreed to revalue their currencies against the dollar On March 19, 1972, Japan and most of Europe floated their currencies In 1973, Bretton Woods fails because the key currency (dollar) is under speculative attack * * * * The answer is c. * Country Focus: The U.S. Dollar, Oil Prices, and Recycling Petrodollars Summary This feature e closing case explores what oil producing nations are likely to do with the dollars they have earned. Recently, oil prices have surged as a result of higher than expected demand, tight supplies, and perceived geopolitical risks. Since oil is priced in dollars, oil producers have seen their dollar reserves increase. Discussion of the feature can begin with the following questions. 1. What will happen to the value of the U.S. dollar if oil producers decide to invest most of their earnings from oil sales in domestic infrastructure projects? Discussion Poi