词汇学Chapter.docVIP

Chapter 3 Three Major Processes of Word-formation (55 %) Compounding or composition (about 27 %): space craft; job-finding Derivation or affixation (about 17.5 %): ex-wife; greenish Conversion (about 10.5 %): bus (v.); buy (n.), Eight Minor Processes of Word-formation (26.5 %) Initialisms and acronyms (about 9 %): U.N.; TV; UNESCO Blending (about 6 %): brunch; boatel Clipping (about 2 %): phone; lab Words from proper names (about 2 %): an Uncl Tom; xerox Back formation (about 1 %): gangle (from gangly (a.)); vacuumclean Reduplication (about 0.5 %): walkie-talkie; go-go Neo-classical formations (about 4 %): psychodelic; neurolinguistic Others (about 3 %): pizzazz; gazump (borrowing (18.5 %)) Plant structure: root: Stem: base: Compounding: Three relative criteria of a compound word: 1. Spelling/orthographic criterion: Compounds are written in various ways. (a) solid: airtight, airmail; (b) hyphenated: air-conditioning; (c) open: air force, air raid. It is difficult to decide which form should be used as criteria; for sometimes the same compound may appear in three different forms, e.g. flowerpot flower-pot flower pot airline air-line air line 2. Speaking/phonological criterion: Compounds are usually first element stressed. Compounds Phrases bluebird a species of bird a ,blue bird a bird that is blue blackboard a ,black board a board that is black in colour blue ,bottle a large buzzing a ,blue bottle a bottle which fly with blue body is blue Sometimes two compounds have similar construction, but one may have a compound accent, and the other may have a phrase accent, e.g. grass ,hopper but: ,grass roots red ,brick but: ,red tape 3. Meaning/semantic criterion: The meaning of a compound