当代世界经济与政治(英文部分).pptVIP

Response to the Decline of Hegemony 1. The first and most attractive response to a society’s decline is to eliminate the source of the problem. 2. A state may seek to reduce the cost of maintaining its position by means of further expansion. 3. the third means of bringing costs and resources into balance is, of course, to reduce foreign-policy commitments. The balance between costs and resource This strategy is politically difficult, and carrying it out is a delicate（棘手的） matter. (1) The most direct method of retrenchment is unilateral （单方面的）abandonment of certain of a state’s economic, political , or military commitment. The Nixon doctrine (2) A second standard technique of retrenchment is to enter into alliances with or seek rapprochement with （寻求结盟或者建立睦邻友好关系）less threatening powers. (3) The third an most difficult method of retrenchment is to make concession（让步） to the rising power and thereby seek to appease（绥靖） its ambitions. (the successful and successful example) The American rapprochement （恢复邦交）with the People’s Republic of China is a late-twentieth-century example. In exchange for weakening the American commitment to Taiwan, the Americans seek Chinese assistance in containing the expanding power of the Soviet Union. The several danger associated with the response to decline (enter into alliances with or seek approachement with （寻求结盟或者建立睦邻友好关系）less threatening powers) Firstly, in an alliance between a great power and a lesser power there is a tendency for the former to overpay in the long run. the US and NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Further, the ally is benefited materially by the alliance, and as its capabilities increase, it may turn against the decline power. And ,an increase in the alliance increases in number, the probability of defection increases. Third, the minor ally may involve the major ally in disputes of its own.（弱小的同盟国将会卷入到大国的争斗中） The European Union 一、The World War One(1914-1918) １．“The first”