各种文化类型的特点归纳.docVIP

Characteristics of individualistic culture Others’ behaviour is explained by personal traits. One’s success is contributed to his own ability. Self is defined as individual entity （特点，个体，存在）. One knows more about self than others. Achievement is made for one’s own sake. Personal goals are over group goals. Self-assuredness is valued. Autonomy and independence is valued. Dependence on others is avoided. One bears casual connections to many groups. Task completion is important. One has few obligations to others. Confrontation is acceptable. Characteristics of collectivist culture Groups are major units of social perception. Others’ behaviour is explained by group norms. Success is attributed to the help of the group. Self is defined in terms of group. One knows more about others than self. Achievement is for the benefit of the group. Ingroup（小集团） goal is over personal goal. Modesty is valued. Interdependence is valued. Ostracism （排斥） is feared. One has strong connections to a few groups. One has many obligations to others. Harmony is expected. Relations are important. Characteristics of masculine culture There is a high occupational segregation by gender. Gender inequality is common. Careers for males are mandatory（命令型的）. Few women are in powerful jobs. Accomplishments are highly valued. High-level of job-related stress. People are highly competitive. People are task-oriented. The art of combat（竞争，竞赛） is valued. The bigger, the better. Family and work life are separated. One lives to work. Characteristics of feminine culture There is little occupational segregation by gender. There is relative gender equality. Careers for males are optional. More women are in powerful jobs. Nurturing is highly valued. The level of job-related stress is low. People are highly cooperative. People are relationship-oriented. The art of compromise is valued. The smaller, the more beautiful. Concern for family issues is present in workplace. One works to live. Characteristics of cultu