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d-Wave bipolaronic stripes and two energy scales in cuprates
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d-wave bipolaronic stripes and two energy scales in cuprates
A.S. Alexandrov
Department of Physics, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
There is strong experimental evidence for pairing of polaronic carriers in the normal state, two
distinct energy scales, d-wave superconducting order parameter, and charge segregation in the form
of stripes in several cuprates. All these remarkable phenomena might be unified in the framework of
the bipolaron theory as a result of the formation of mobile bipolarons in the normal state and their
Bose-Einstein condensation. Extending the BCS theory towards an intermediate and strong-coupling
regime we show that there are two energy scales in this regime, a temperature independent incoherent
gap and a temperature dependent coherent gap combining into one temperature dependent global
gap. The temperature dependence of the gap and single particle (Giaver) tunnelling spectra in
cuprates are quantitatively described. A framework for understanding of two distinct energy scales
observed in Giaver tunnelling and Andreev reflection experiments is provided. We suggest that both
d-wave superconducting order parameter and striped charge distribution result from the bipolaron
(center-of-mass) energy band dispersion rather than from any particular interaction.
PACS numbers:74.20.-z,74.65.+n,74.60.Mj
1
Introduction
There is strong evidence for normal state gaps in high-Tc
cuprates from the uniform susceptibility [1,2], inelastic
neutron scattering and NMR [3,4], electron energy-loss
spectroscopy [5], specific heat [6], angle-resolved photoe-
mission (ARPES) [7,8], tunnelling [9,10], photoexcited
quasiparticle relaxation [11], and some kinetic measure-
ments [12]. One view supported by ARPES is that the
gap reflects precursor superconducting correlations in the
BCS-like state below some characteristic temperature T ?
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