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Different Brain Correlates for Watching Real and Virtual Hand Actions
NeuroImage 14, 749–758 (2001)
doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0872, available online at onDifferent Brain Correlates for Watching Real and Virtual Hand Actions
D. Perani,*
,
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F. Fazio,*
,
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§ N. A. Borghese,* M. Tettamanti,? S. Ferrari,* J. Decety,? and M. C. Gilardi§
*Institute of Neuroscience and Bioimaging–CNR, Milan; ?Scientific Institute H San Raffaele, Milan; ?University Vita-Salute, Milan;
§University of Milano–Bicocca, Milan, Italy; and ?Inserm Unit 280, Lyon, France
Received November 8, 2000a
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vWe investigated whether observation of actions re-
produced in three-dimensional virtual reality would
engage perceptual and visuomotor brain processes
different from those induced by the observation of real
hand actions. Participants were asked to passively ob-
serve grasping actions of geometrical objects made by
a real hand or by hand reconstructions of different
quality in 3D virtual reality as well as on a 2D TV
screen. We found that only real actions in natural en-
vironment activated a visuospatial network including
the right posterior parietal cortex. Observation of vir-
tual-reality hand actions engaged prevalent visual
perceptual processes within lateral and mesial occip-
ital regions. Thus, only perception of actions in reality
maps onto existing action representations, whereas
virtual-reality conditions do not access the full motor
knowledge available to the central nervous system.
? 2001 Academic Press
INTRODUCTION
Virtual-reality (VR) technology is being used as an
alternative to reality in a wide spectrum of disciplines,
including engineering, electronic videogames, architec-
ture, physics, chemistry, medicine, and the military
(Brooks, 1999). VR stimuli are of broad interest be-
cause of their possible applications to training of ath-
letes; to rehabilitation of motor, spatial, and cognitive
deficits in neurological diseases; and in clinical psy-
chology, to palliate selective symp
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