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Do managerial ties in China always produce value Competition, uncertainty, and domestic
Strategic Management Journal
Strat. Mgmt. J., 29: 383–400 (2008)
Published online in Wiley InterScience () DOI: 10.1002/smj.665
Received 29 November 2005; Final revision received 3 October 2007
DO MANAGERIAL TIES IN CHINA ALWAYS PRODUCE
VALUE? COMPETITION, UNCERTAINTY, AND
DOMESTIC VS. FOREIGN FIRMS
JULIE JUAN LI,1* LAURA POPPO,2 and KEVIN ZHENG ZHOU3
1 Department of Marketing, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
2 School of Business, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A.
3 School of Business, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
While most advocate that foreign firms should utilize managerial ties to conduct business in
China, recent literature cautions that such ties may offer only conditional value. This study
examines three sources of heterogeneity that may condition the value of ties: firm ownership
(foreign vs. domestic), competition, and structural uncertainty. Results from a survey of 280
firms in China indicate that though foreign and domestic firms utilize ties at a similar level, their
performance gains from tie utilization differ. Managerial ties have a monotonic, positive effect
on performance for domestic firms, whereas the effect is curvilinear (i.e., inverted U-shaped)
for foreign firms. Therefore, compared with domestic firms, foreign firms have a competitive
disadvantage from tie utilization. Furthermore, managerial ties are less effective for fostering
performance when competition becomes more intense. However, ties lead to higher levels
of firm performance when structural uncertainty increases. Overall, these results support the
contingency view of managerial ties and caution companies about the unconditional use of ties
as the market becomes more heterogeneous. Copyright ? 2008 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
INTRODUCTION
With a history of more than 5,000 years, ties
are a deeply ingrained institution in China. Thus,
it is not surprising that managerial ties, namely,
top managers’ boundary-spanning and interper-
son
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