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Available online at ental 59 (2010) 206–214 Metabolism Clinical and ExperimFailure of D-psicose absorbed in the small intestine to metabolize into energy and its low large intestinal fermentability in humans Tetsuo Iidaa,?, Noriko Hayashia, Takako Yamadaa, Yuko Yoshikawaa, Shoko Miyazatoa, Yuka Kishimotoa, Kazuhiro Okumaa, Masaaki Tokudab, Ken Izumoric aResearch Laboratory, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co, Ltd, Itami 664-8508, Japan bDepartment of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan cRare Sugar Research Center, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan Received 16 January 2009; accepted 15 July 2009Abstract Experiments with rats have produced data on the metabolism and energy value of d-psicose; however, no such data have been obtained in humans. The authors assessed the availability of D-psicose absorbed in the small intestine by measuring carbohydrate energy expenditure (CEE) by indirect calorimetry. They measured the urinary excretion rate by quantifying D-psicose in urine for 48 hours. To examine D-psicose fermentation in the large intestine, the authors measured breath hydrogen gas and fermentability using 35 strains of intestinal bacteria. Six healthy subjects participated in the CEE test, and 14 participated in breath hydrogen gas and urine tests. D-Psicose fermentation subsequent to an 8-week adaptation period was also assessed by measuring hydrogen gas in 8 subjects. D-Psicose absorbed in the small intestine was not metabolized into energy, unlike glucose, because CEE did not increase within 3 hours of D-psicose ingestion (0.35 g/kg body weight [BW]). The accumulated D-psicose urinary excretion rates were around 70% for 0.34, 0.17, and 0.08 g/kg BW of ingested D-psicose. Low D-psicose fermentability was observed in intestinal bacteria and breath hydrogen gas tests, in which fructooligosaccharide (0.34, 0.17, and 0.08 g/kg BW) was used as a positive control because its available energy