Pathways underlying the gut-to-brain connection in autism spectrum disorders.pdf

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Pathways underlying the gut-to-brain connection in autism spectrum disorders.pdf

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European Journal of Pharmacology 668 (2011) S70–S80 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect European Journal of Pharmacology j ourna l homepage: www.e lsev ie / locate /e jpharReview Pathways underlying the gut-to-brain connection in autism spectrum disorders as future targets for disease management Caroline G.M. de Theije a,?, Jiangbo Wu a, Sofia Lopes da Silva a,b, Patrick J. Kamphuis a,b, Johan Garssen a,c, S. Mechiel Korte a, Aletta D. Kraneveld a a Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands b Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands c Immunology Platform, Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands? Corresponding author at: Division of Pharma Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherla fax: +31 30 253 7900. E-mail address: c.g.m.detheije@uu.nl (C.G.M. de The 0014-2999/$ – see front matter ? 2011 Published by E doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.07.013a b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f oArticle history: Accepted 12 July 2011 Available online 27 July 2011 Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder Gastrointestinal disturbances Neuroimmune interactions Gut–brain axisAutism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by impair- ments in social interaction and communication and the presence of limited, repetitive and stereotyped interests and behavior. Bowel symptoms are frequently reported in children with ASD and a potential role for gastrointestinal disturbances in ASD has been suggested. This review focuses on the importance of (allergic) gastrointestinal problems in ASD. We provide an overview of the possible gut-to-brain pathways and discuss opportunities for pharmaceutical and/or nutritional approaches for therapy.cology, Utrecht University, nds. Tel.: +31 30 253 7353; ije). lsevier B.V.? 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V.Content