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Process-based simulation library SALMO-OO for lake ecosystems. Part 2
E C O L O G I C A L I N F O R M A T I C S 3 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 1 8 1 – 1 9 0
ava i l ab l e a t www.sc i enced i r ec t . com
www.e l sev i e r. com/ loca te / eco l i n fProcess-based simulation library SALMO-OO for
lake ecosystems. Part 2: Multi-objective parameter
optimization by evolutionary algorithmsHongqing Cao?, Friedrich Recknagel, Lydia Cetin, Byron Zhang
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, 5005, AustraliaA R T I C L E I N F O? Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hxc@cs.nott.ac.uk (H. Cao).
1574-9541/$ – see front matter ? 2008 Elsevi
doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2008.02.001A B S T R A C TArticle history:
Received 29 November 2006
Received in revised form
15 January 2008
Accepted 8 February 2008SALMO-OO represents an object-oriented simulation library for lake ecosystems that allows
to determine generic model structures for certain lake categories. It is based on complex
ordinary differential equations that can be assembled by alternative process equations for
algal growth and grazing as well as zooplankton growth and mortality. It requires 128
constant parameters that are causally related to the metabolic, chemical and transport
processes in lakes either estimated from laboratory and field experiments or adopted from
the literature.
An evolutionary algorithm (EA) was integrated into SALMO-OO in order to facilitate multi-
objective optimization for selected parameters and to substitute them by optimum
temperature and phosphate functions. The parameters were related to photosynthesis,
respiration and grazing of the three algal groups diatoms, green algae and blue-green algae.
The EA determined specific temperature and phosphate functions for same parameters for 3
lake categories that were validated by ecological data of six lakes from Germany and South
Africa.
The results of this study have demonstrated that: (1) the hybridization of ordinary differential
equations by EA provide a sophisticated approach to fine-tune crucial parameters of
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