Response of bare strange stars to energy input onto their surfaces.pdf

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Response of bare strange stars to energy input onto their surfaces.pdf

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Response of bare strange stars to energy input onto their surfaces

a r X i v : a s t r o - p h / 0 1 0 7 0 2 0 v 1 2 J u l 2 0 0 1 Response of bare strange stars to energy input onto their surfaces Vladimir V. Usov Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel Received ; accepted – 2 – ABSTRACT We study numerically the thermal emission of e+e? pairs from a bare strange star heated by energy input onto its surface; heating starts at some moment, and is steady afterwards. The thermal luminosity in e+e? pairs increases to some constant value. The rise time and the steady thermal luminosity are evaluated. Both normal and colour superconducting states of strange quark matter are con- sidered. The results are used to test the magnetar model of soft gamma-ray repeaters where the bursting activity is explained by fast decay of superstrong magnetic fields and heating of the strange star surface. It is shown that the rise times observed in typical bursts may be explained in this model only if strange quark matter is a superconductor with an energy gap of more that 1 MeV. 1. Introduction Strange stars are astronomical compact objects which are entirely made of deconfined quarks (for a review, see Glendenning 1996; Weber 1999). The possible existence of strange stars is a direct consequence of the conjecture that strange quark matter (SQM) may be the absolute ground state of the strong interaction, i.e., absolutely stable with respect to 56Fe (Bodmer 1971; Witten 1984). SQM with a density of ～ 5× 1014 g cm?3 might exist up to the surface of a strange star. Recently, the thermal emission from bare SQM surfaces of strange stars was considered (Usov 1998, 2001a). It was shown that the surface emissivity of SQM in both equilibrium photons and e+e? pairs created by the Coulomb barrier at the SQM surface is 10% of the black body surface emissivity at the surface temperature Ts 1.5× 10 9 K. Below this temperature, Ts 1.5 × 10 9 K, the SQM surface emissivity decreases rapidly with decrease of Ts. – 3 – At th