Restoration of mangrove plantations and colonisation by native species in Leizhou bay, South China.pdf

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Restoration of mangrove plantations and colonisation by native species in Leizhou bay, South China.pdf

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Restoration of mangrove plantations and colonisation by native species in Leizhou bay, South China

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Hai Ren ? Shuguang Jian ? Hongfang Lu Qianmei Zhang ? Weijun Shen ? Weidong Han Zuoyun Yin ? Qinfeng Guo Restoration of mangrove plantations and colonisation by native species in Leizhou bay, South China Received: 12 March 2007 / Accepted: 10 May 2007 / Published online: 27 June 2007 The Ecological Society of Japan 2007 Abstract To examine the natural colonisation of native mangrove species into remediated exotic mangrove stands in Leizhou Bay, South China, we compared soil physical–chemical properties, community structure and recruitments of barren mangrove areas, native mangrove species plantations, and exotic mangrove species—Son- neratia apetala Buch.Ham—between plantations and natural forest. We found that severely degraded man- grove stands could not regenerate naturally without human intervention due to severely altered local envi- ronments, whereas some native species had been re- cruited into the 4–10 year S. apetala plantations. In the first 10 years, the exotic species S. apetala grew better than native species such as Rhizophora stylosa Griff and Kandelia candel (Linn.) Druce. The mangrove plantation gradually affected soil physical and chemical properties during its recovery. The exotic S. apetala was more competitive than native species and its plantation was able to restore soil organic matter in about 14 years. Thus, S. apetala can be considered as a pioneer species to improve degraded habitats to facilitate recolonisation by native mangrove species. However, removal to con- trol proliferation may be needed at late stages to facili- tate growth of native species. To ensure sustainability of mangroves in South China, the existing mangrove wet- lands must be managed as an ecosystem, with long-term scientific monitoring program in place. Keywords Competitive exclusion ? Mangrove ? Ecosystem restoration ? Invasive species ? Sonneratia apetala Introduction Woody mangrove plants are well known for their well- developed morphological and