Spectroscopy of the Millennium Outburst and Recent Variability of the Yellow Hypergiant Rho.pdf
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Spectroscopy of the Millennium Outburst and Recent Variability of the Yellow Hypergiant Rho
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Stars as Suns: Activity, Evolution and Planets
To appear in ASP Conference Series, Vol. xxx, 218,
IAU Symposium No. 219, 21-25 July 2003, Sydney, Australia
Spectroscopy of the Millennium Outburst and Recent
Variability of the Yellow Hypergiant Rho Cassiopeiae
A. Lobel1, R. P. Stefanik, G. Torres, R. J. Davis
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street,
Cambridge 02138 MA, USA
I. Ilyin
Astronomy Division, PO Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland
A. E. Rosenbush
Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences,
Ukraine
Abstract.
In the summer and fall of 2000 the yellow hypergiant ρ Cassiopeiae
dimmed by more than a visual magnitude, while its effective temperature
decreased from ~7000 K to below 4000 K over ~200 d. We observed the
highest mass-loss rate of ~5% of the solar mass per year in a single stellar
eruption so far (Lobel et al. 2003, ApJ, 583, 923).
It is the third outburst of ρ Cas on record in the last century. During
the outburst the enigmatic cool luminous hypergiant changed its spectral
type form early F- to early M-type. The outburst produced an out-
ward propagating circumstellar shock wave, resulting in a tremendous
cooling of the entire atmosphere. The optical spectrum became com-
parable to that of the red supergiant Betelgeuse, and revealed strongly
blue-shifted molecular absorption bands of titanium-oxide (TiO). We de-
termine from the newly formed TiO bands a gas mass-loss rate of M??5.4
×10?2 M⊙ yr
?1, which is of the same order of magnitude as has been
proposed for the giant outbursts of the Luminous Blue Variable η Carinae.
During the pulsation cycles that followed the millennium outburst
ρ Cas brightened up after mid 2002, and started to dim in early March
2003. Over the past two years since the outburst event we observe a very
prominent inverse P Cygni profile in Balmer Hα. Strong Hα emission has
not before been observed in the hyper
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