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The treatment of Japanese focus particles based on
The treatment of Japanese focus particles based on
Lexical-Functional Grammar
Tomoko OHKUMA
Corporate Research Group
Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.
430 Sakai, Nakai, Ashigarakamigun
Kanagawa, Japan
Ohkuma.Tomoko@fujixerox.co.jp
Hiroki YOSHIMURA
Corporate Research Group
Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.
430 Sakai, Nakai, Ashigarakamigun
Kanagawa, Japan
Hiroki.Yoshimuragfujixerox.co.jp
Hiroshi MASUICHI
Corporate Research Group
Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.
430 Sakai, Nakai, Ashigarakamigun
Kanagawa, Japan
Hiroshi.Masuichi@fujixerox.co.jp
Yasunari HARADA
School of Law, Waseda University
1-6-1 Nishi-waseda, Shinjuku,
Tokyo, Japan
harada0waseda.jp
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to discuss treatment of focus particles in Japanese sen-
tences to be incorporated in a Japanese parsing system based on the Lexical-Functional
Grammar(LFG) formalism. Focus particle can follow nouns, quantifiers, verbs, other
particles (postpositions) and auxiliary verbs. Thus, it is necessary for a large-scale
grammar to treat focus particles properly. Furthermore, there are syntactic and se-
mantic ambiguities caused by the particles. We propose phrase structure rules and
lexical entry constraints which cover focus particles in various positions and account
for the ambiguities.
1 Introduction
As has been observed in many studies, various functional relations are expressed by particles
in Japanese. In particular, particles such as `kurar , `bakarr , clake, `nomr, `hodo and made
specify focus in sentences. It has been observed that these particles mark contrastive focus
within sentences (Numata et al., 2000). It is important for a Japanese parsing system to be able
to treat these focus particles properly, because focus particles bear different syntactic functions
depending on where they appear in a given Japanese construction. In this paper, we propose
phrase structure rules and lexical entry constraints to treat Japanese focus particles on the basis
of the Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) formalism (Kaplan and Bresnan,
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