Cirline(new).ppt

Lines and Circles:A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures Zuo　Biao What is culture? Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. -- Edward Tylor (1871) (a British anthropologist) What is culture? Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiment in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values. Culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other hand, as conditioning elements of future action. — Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn (two American anthropologists, 1961) What is Culture? Culture is the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and to generate behavior. -- J. P. Spradley Culture refers to the total pattern of human learned behavior transmitted from generation to generation. -- Salzmann What is culture? Culture is the total range of activities and ideas of a group of people with shared traditions which are transmitted and reinforced by members of the group. -- CED Culture is the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively. -- IOD What is Culture? Culture is the total pattern of human behavior and its products embodied in thought, speech, action and artifacts. Culture is a complex of typical behavior or standardized social characteristics peculiar to a specific group. -- WNID Characteristics of Culture Non-natural （非自然性） Non-individual　 （非个人性） Non-innate　　　（非先天性） Regional and trans-regional 　　　　　　　（地域性与超地域性） Epocha