Anxiety as an ‘‘epistemic’’ emotion An uncertainty theory.pdf

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Anxiety as an ‘‘epistemic’’ emotion An uncertainty theory.pdf

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Anxiety as an ‘‘epistemic’’ emotion An uncertainty theory

Anxiety as an ‘‘epistemic’’ emotion: An uncertainty theory of anxiety MARIA MICELI, CRISTIANO CASTELFRANCHI Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy (Received 14 March 2004; revised 17 February 2005; accepted 18 April 2005) Abstract This paper attempts to provide a conceptual framework placing anxiety in a perceived control perspective. We analyse the basic cognitive components of anxiety with reference to the need for control, both pragmatic and epistemic. We address the difference between fear and anxiety by pointing to the special role played in anxiety by the need for epistemic control and uncertainty reduction. We examine some typical ‘‘questions’’ of anxiety, and some typical ‘‘answers’’ or coping strategies, with special reference to their relationships with either need for control. We focus on the need for epistemic control, its relationship with pragmatic control, its impact on the amount of anxiety experienced, and its role in anxiety-proneness. We address worry and its relationships with anxiety and the needs for control. Finally, we compare our approach with related models, point to its implications for clinical treatment, and discuss the interplay of conscious and unconscious processes in anxiety. Keywords: Anxiety, fear, epistemic control, pragmatic control, uncertainty, worry Anxiety has been assigned the role of all-purpose emotion in both the psychodynamic literature and the literature on psychological stress. From Freud (1926/1959) on, two negative emotions have received primary attention: anxiety and guilt, brought about either by unacceptable impulses or by external threats and sanctions (e.g., Freud, 1936; Fenichel, 1945). The defense mechanisms have been seen as unconscious tools called into play essentially to protect the ego from anxiety and guilt. Moreover, anxiety is closely associated with psychological stress and, just as many specific emotions can be ‘‘covered’’ by stress (e.g., L