Chromium-Removal Processes during Groundwater Remediation by a Zerovalent Iron Permeable Reactive Ba.pdf
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Chromium-Removal Processes during Groundwater Remediation by a Zerovalent Iron Permeable Reactive Ba
Chromium-Removal Processes
during Groundwater Remediation by
a Zerovalent Iron Permeable
Reactive Barrier
R I C H A R D T . W I L K I N , * C H U N M I N G S U ,
R O B E R T G . F O R D , A N D C Y N T H I A J . P A U L
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and
Development, National Risk Management Research
Laboratory, 919 Kerr Research Drive, Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Solid-phase associations of chromium were examined in
core materials collected from a full-scale, zerovalent iron
permeable reactive barrier (PRB) at the U.S. Coast
Guard Support Center located near Elizabeth City, NC.
The PRB was installed in 1996 to treat groundwater
contaminated with hexavalent chromium. After eight years
of operation, the PRB remains effective at reducing
concentrations of Cr from average values 1500 μg L-1
in groundwater hydraulically upgradient of the PRB to values
1 μg L-1 in groundwater within and hydraulically
downgradient of the PRB. Chromium removal from
groundwater occurs at the leading edge of the PRB and
also within the aquifer immediately upgradient of the PRB.
These regions also witness the greatest amount of
secondary mineral formation due to steep geochemical
gradients that result from the corrosion of zerovalent iron.
X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy
indicated that chromium is predominantly in the trivalent
oxidation state, confirming that reductive processes are
responsible for Cr sequestration. XANES spectra and
microscopy results suggest that Cr is, in part, associated
with iron sulfide grains formed as a consequence of microbially
mediated sulfate reduction in and around the PRB.
Results of this study provide evidence that secondary iron-
bearing mineral products may enhance the capacity of
zerovalent iron systems to remediate Cr in groundwater,
either through redox reactions at the mineral-water interface
or by the release of Fe(II) to solution via mineral dissolution
and/or metal corrosion.
Introduction
Chromium is a commo
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