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Evolution in invasive plants implications for biological control
Evolution in invasive plants:
implications for biological control
Heinz Mu?ller-Scha?rer1, Urs Schaffner1,2 and Thomas Steinger1
1De?partement de Biologie, Unite? Ecologie et Evolution, Universite? de Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
2CABI Bioscience Centre, CH-2800 Dele?mont, Switzerland
Evidence is increasing that invasive plants can undergo
rapid adaptive evolution during the process of range
expansion. Here, we argue that evolutionary change
during invasions will also affect plant–antagonist inter-
actions and, thus, will have important implications for
biological control programmes targeted at invasive
plants. We explore how altered selection in the new
range might influence the evolution of plant defence
(resistance and tolerance) and life history. The degree
to which such evolutionary processes might affect bio-
logical control efficacy is largely unexplored. We hope
that, by testing the hypotheses that we propose here,
a closer link can be established between biological
control and evolutionary biology, to the benefit of
both disciplines.
BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS (see Glossary) by flowering plants
have become more important as a result of increasing
anthropogenic activities that affect species dispersal
(through trade and travel) and habitat susceptibility
(through changes in disturbance regimes) [1]. Although
only a few EXOTIC plant species invade natural commu-
nities and develop high population densities, those that do
so pose one of the most serious threats to biodiversity [2].
Two contrasting, but mutually non-exclusive hypotheses
address the relationship between phenotype and invasion
success; the first assumes that invaders are pre-adapted
with traits that make them successful invaders, whereas
the second postulates successful invasion as the outcome of
rapid evolutionary change once the species has become
established in the new habitat [3].
Adaptation to local conditions is an important form of
evolution in plant populations because plants are ses
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