Nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiencies and losses in the food chain in China at.pdf

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Nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiencies and losses in the food chain in China at.pdf

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Nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiencies and losses in the food chain in China at

Science of the Total Environment 434 (2012) 51–61 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Science of the Total Environment j ourna l homepage: www.e lsev ie r .com/ locate /sc i totenvNitrogen and phosphorus use efficiencies and losses in the food chain in China at regional scales in 1980 and 2005 L. Ma a,b,c, G.L. Velthof d, F.H. Wang b, W. Qin c, W.F. Zhang b, Z. Liu b, Y. Zhang b, J. Wei a, J.P. Lesschen d, W.Q. Ma a,?, O. Oenema c,d, F.S. Zhang b,? a College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China b Key Laboratory of Plant–Soil Interactions, MOE, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China c Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands d Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands? Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses: mawq@ (W.Q. Ma), z (F.S. Zhang). 0048-9697/$ – see front matter ? 2012 Elsevier B.V. All doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.028a b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f oArticle history: Received 5 June 2011 Received in revised form 12 December 2011 Accepted 8 March 2012 Available online 28 April 2012 Keywords: Integrated assessment Nutrient cycling Food consumption Nutrient use efficiency Crop production Animal productionCrop and animal production in China has increased significantly during the last decades, but at the cost of large increases in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses, which contribute to ecosystem degradation and human health effects. This information is largely based on scattered field experiments, surveys and national statistics. As a consequence, there is as yet no comprehensive understanding of the changes in N and P cycling and losses at regional and national scales. Here, we present the results of an integrated assessment of the N and P use efficiencies (NUE and PUE) and N a