三级口译话题：科学技术分解.pptx

专题口译专题 专题口译 科学技术 Session 2 主题与主语 Chinese vs. English 只要用功读书，就能提高成绩。（隐含主语） If one studies hard enough, one will … 国庆节七天我们第一天全家人北京路购物。（多主语） On the first day of the seven-day National Day holiday, our whole family … 游泳非常消耗体力。（主语非名词） Swimming is quite exhausting. It is quite exhausting to swim. 刮风了，下雨了。（零位主语） It is windy and rainy. Chinese vs. English Chinese: Topic-prominent language （话题占突显地位的语言） English: Subject-prominent language（主语占突显地位的语言） -- C. N. Li S. A. Thompson in 1970s English: Theme-Rheme主位:述位 (Mathesius) Theme is the primary element of a sentence; it is the subject being talked about and is known. Rheme is the core element of a sentence; it is something the speaker wants to say about the theme, or something related to the theme. Modern English sentences 83% -- 97% SVO (Jesperson) Theme = Psychological Subject Theme ≈ Subject Features of the Subject in English 1. There must always be a subject; 2. The subject is the theme of the sentence that the verb structure describes; 3. The subject has grammatical control; 4. The subject must be a noun or a noun structure. Chinese: Topic-Comment话题:评说(Sapir) Topic is the theme of a sentence. Comment is narration about the theme. Features of the Subject in Chinese 1. The subject is not essential; 2. The subject has no grammatical control over the whole sentence; 3. There can be more than one subject; 4. The subject can be a noun, verb, adjective or any such structures. Difficulties with Chinese Subjects (SVO?): 1）宾踞句首 2）主谓谓语句 3）宾踞动前 4）主状不分 ∴可以没有主语，也可以有多个主语，除名词以外，可以由动词，形容词，副词，介词短语，主谓结构担当主语。 Subject-prominent vs. Topic-prominent A subject-prominent language (eg. English) is a language in which the grammatical units of subject and predicate (SV) are basic to the structure of sentences and in which sentences usually have subject-predicate structure. A topic-prominent language (eg. Chinese) is one in which the information units of topic and comment are basic to the structure of sentence. Examples Analysis