Arsenic drinking water regulations in developing countries with extensive exposure.pdf

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Arsenic drinking water regulations in developing countries with extensive exposure.pdf

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Arsenic drinking water regulations in developing countries with extensive exposure

Toxicology 198 (2004) 39–44 Arsenic drinking water regulations in developing countries with extensive exposure Allan H. Smith ? , Meera M. Hira Smith Arsenic Health Effects Research Program, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkley, CA 94720, USA Abstract The United States Public Health Service set an interim standard of 50 g/l in 1942, but as early as 1962 the US Public Health Service had identified 10 g/l as a goal which later became the World Health Organization Guideline for drinking water in 1992. Epidemiological studies have shown that about one in 10 people drinking water containing 500 g/l of arsenic over many years may die from internal cancers attributable to arsenic, with lung cancer being the surprising main contributor. A prudent public health response is to reduce the permissible drinking water arsenic concentrations. However, the appropriate regulatory response in those developing countries with large populations with much higher concentrations of arsenic in drinking water, often exceeding 100 g/l, is more complex. Malnutrition may increase risks from arsenic. There is mounting evidence that smoking and arsenic act synergistically in causing lung cancer, and smoking raises issues of public health priorities in developing countries that face massive mortality from this product. Also, setting stringent drinking water standards will impede short term solutions such as shallow dugwells. Developing countries with large populations exposed to arsenic in water might reasonably be advised to keep their arsenic drinking water standards at 50 g/l. ? 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Arsenic; Water; Regulations; Developing countries; Cancer 1. Introduction During the last 10 years, the widespread nature of human exposure to arsenic in drinking water has become apparent in many countries. Potential health risks, in particular, cancer risks are very high (Chen et al., 1992; Smith et al., 1992; NRC, 1999, 2001). At the