by microsatellite DNA analyses of haploid males in Apis 1.pdf

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by microsatellite DNA analyses of haploid males in Apis 1.pdf

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by microsatellite DNA analyses of haploid males in Apis 1

223 Apidologie 36 (2005) 223–229 ? INRA/DIB-AGIB/ EDP Sciences, 2005 DOI: 10.1051/apido:2005010 Original article Using drones for estimating colony number by microsatellite DNA analyses of haploid males in Apis1 F. Bernhard KRAUSa*, Nikolaus KOENIGERb, Salim TINGEKc, Robin F.A. MORITZa a Institut für Zoologie, Martin Luther Universit?t Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 4, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany b Institut für Bienenkunde, (Polytechnische Gesellschaft), Fachbereich Biologie und Informatik der J.W. Goethe – Universit?t Frankfurt, Karl-von-Frisch-Weg 2, 61440 Oberursel, Germany c Agricultural Research Station Tenom, PO Box 197, 89908 Tenom, Sabah, Malaysia Received 5 October 2004 – Revised 26 November 2004 – Accepted 1 December 2004 Published online 1 June 2005 Abstract – In social insects the number of colonies rather than the actual number of individuals in the population primarily determines the effective population size. Here we present a method where microsatellite data of haploid males can be used to estimate the number of male producing queens in honeybee populations. A cluster analysis based on the allelic identity by descent (AID) among male genotypes is used to group potential brother males. For each “brother cluster” the corresponding mother queen genotype is determined by Mendelian inference. We show in various simulations that although limited number of screened loci can result in slightly biased estimates, the precision improves considerably with increasing number of loci. Empirical data from microsatellite studies of the Western honeybee Apis mellifera and the giant Asian honeybee Apis dorsata are presented to illustrate the application of the procedure. Apis mellifera / Apis dorsata / haploid male / honeybees / microsatellite / population size 1. INTRODUCTION Microsatellite DNA-analyses have revolu- tionized population genetics. The use of multi- ple highly variable loci allows for precise pop- ulation analyses including the detection of population growt