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Socrates Born: 469 B.C. Birthplace: Athens, Greece Died: 399 B.C. (execution by poison) Best Known As: The great Greek philosopher who drank hemlock Socrates is the ancient Greek thinker who laid the early foundations for Western philosophical thought. His Socratic Method involved asking probing questions in a give-and-take which would eventually lead to the truth. Socrates was born in Athens and fought as a foot soldier in the Peloponnesian War with Sparta, but in later years became a devotee of philosophy and argument. He spent years in the public places of Athens, engaging his fellow citizens in philosophical discussions and urging them to greater self-analysis. Socratess iconoclastic attitude didnt sit well with everyone, and at age 70 he was charged with heresy(异端学说） and corruption of local youth. Convicted, he carried out the death sentence by drinking hemlock, becoming one of historys earliest martyrs of conscience. Socratess most famous pupil was HYPERLINK /topic/plato-philosopherPlato, who in turn instructed the philosopher HYPERLINK /topic/aristotleAristotle Importance 柏拉图 Plato was one of the early stars of Western philosophy. The son of an aristocrat, he studied under the great Greek thinker,  HYPERLINK /topic/socrates \t _top Socrates. After years of travel and study, Plato founded the Academy in his native Athens in 387 B.C.; it became a famous hotbed of philosophical and scientific discussion, and is regarded by many as the first known university in the world. Platos writings mostly take the form of dialogues, or dialectics, in which knowledge is revealed as two characters ask and answer questions of each other. (Socrates was often one of the characters.) Platos text The Republic, in which he lays out his ideas on the perfect state, remains a staple of college reading lists around the world. Platos cause of death is unknown, though its generally assumed that his death was related to old age. Another famous -- and unproven -- old story is that