morphology(配戴炜栋版语言学).docVIP

語言學概論 3 －  PAGE 4 課 程 提 綱 課程名稱： 語言學概論 任課教師： 孟智君 課程性質： 院考試課 學 分： 4 教 材： 《新編簡明英語語言學教程》 Chapter 3. Morphology Morphology (形態學) refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 1. Morphology ◆Open class and Closed class ⑴Open class words (開放詞類) — content words (實詞) of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs, e.g. beatnik (a member of the Beat Generation), hacker, email, Internet; 做秀, 粉絲, 閃客 in Chinese ⑵Closed class words (封閉詞類) — grammatical or functional words (功能詞), such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns. ◆Morpheme: the minimal unit of meaning Morpheme (詞素) — a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such a –ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. ★ Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g. 1-morphemeboy, desire 2-morpheme boy + ish, desir(e) + able 3-morphemeboy + ish + ness, desir(e) + abl(e) + ity 4-morphemegentle + man + li + ness, un + desir(e) + abl(e) + ity5-morphemeun + gentle + man + li + ness 6-morphemeanti + dis + establish + ment + ari + an + ism  2. Affix ◆Affix (詞綴) — a word element, such as a prefix or suffix, which can only occur attached to a base, stem, or root. ◇Prefix (前綴) — morphemes that occur only before others, e.g. un-, dis-, anti-, ir-, etc. ◇Suffix (後綴) — morphemes that occur only after others, e.g. –ful, -er, -ish, -ness, -able, -tive, -tion, etc. 3. Free morpheme and Bound morpheme Free morpheme (自由詞素) is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc. Bound morpheme (粘著詞素) is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They cannot stand by themselves, such as –s in dogs, -al in notional, dis- in