Politenessisbestexpressedasthepracticalappl.docVIP

Politeness is best expressed as the practical application of good HYPERLINK /wiki/Mannersmanners or HYPERLINK /wiki/Etiquetteetiquette. It is a culturally defined phenomenon, and therefore what is considered polite in one HYPERLINK /wiki/Cultureculture can sometimes be quite rude or simply eccentric in another cultural context. While the goal of politeness is to make all of the parties relaxed and comfortable with one another, these culturally defined standards at times may be manipulated to inflict HYPERLINK /wiki/Shameshame on a designated party. Anthropologists Penelope Brown and HYPERLINK /wiki/Stephen_C._LevinsonStephen Levinson identified two kinds of politeness, deriving from HYPERLINK /wiki/Erving_GoffmanErving Goffmans concept of HYPERLINK /wiki/Face_(self_image)face: Negative politeness: Making a request less infringing, such as If you dont mind... or If it isnt too much trouble...; respects a persons right to act freely. In other words, deference. There is a greater use of indirect HYPERLINK /wiki/Speech_actsspeech acts. Positive politeness: Seeks to establish a positive relationship between parties; respects a persons need to be liked and understood. Direct speech acts, HYPERLINK /wiki/Profanityswearing and flouting HYPERLINK /wiki/Gricean_maximGrices maxims can be considered aspects of positive politeness because: they show an awareness that the relationship is strong enough to cope with what would normally be considered impolite (in the popular understanding of the term); they articulate an awareness of the other persons values, which fulfills the persons desire to be accepted. Some cultures seem to prefer one of these kinds of politeness over the other. In this way politeness is culturally bound. Some countries that are considered especially polite are England and Japan. Contents [HYPERLINK /wiki/Politeness#hide] HYPERLINK /wiki/Politeness#Techniques_to_show_politeness1 Techniques to show politeness HYPERLINK /w