Facetheory选编.ppt

Face Theory;Contents;1.The notion of face;2.Introduction of Face Theory ;Stephen C. Levinson ;Penelope Brown; In their view, politeness was the various rational behaviors of a Model Person to satisfy his face wants. A Model Person had two special properties--rationality and face. Rationality: the application of a specific mode of reasoning-what Aristotle(1969) called ‘practical reasoning’（实用主义） --which guarantees inferences from ends or goals to means that will satisfy those ends.;3.Constitition of Face;3.1Negative face;3.2Positive face;4.Face threatening acts (FTAs);5.Strategies for doing FTAs;FTA strategies;FTA strategies;FTA strategies;FTA strategies;Positive politeness;h. Joke i. Assert knowledge of hearer’s wants j. Offer, promise k. Be optimistic l. Assume/assert reciprocity（互惠主义） m. Include speaker and hearer in the activity n. Give gifts to hearer (goods, sympathy, etc.);Negative politeness; The conception of face in Chinese culture is different from Brown and Levinson’s definition. Brown and Levinson declare that face is the self-image in social life. It is obviously that they put great emphasis on individual. What they call FATs are those that threaten the face of the speaker or hearer. ;中国人的脸，不但可以洗，可以刮，并且可以丢，可以赏，可以留。 —林语堂 要脸，赏脸，丢脸，争脸，爱面子，丢面子，留面子，碍面子，有面子，争面子，讲情面，不要脸，无脸见人，撕破脸皮，翻脸不认人，打肿脸充胖子，不看僧面看佛面，死要面子活受罪。 阿Q 孔已己 饿死事小 失节事大;In Chinese culture and social life, “脸”or “面子”is used to control and modulate（调节） social acts. We can understand the implication of face as the following: 个人需要不要超过社会给予的身份地位，代表的是个人从属于社会的价值观。 —顾曰国 Chinese attach more importance to individual’s subordination to the society, because Chinese culture is collectivity-centered.; Thank you！