Lecture15-1FuctionalLinguistics选编.ppt

Systemic Functional Grammar 系统功能语法;;;Systemic Functional Grammar;阅读书目;;;;;;系统功能语法的六个核心思想;;;;;;;; 5. 语境的思想 马林诺夫斯基：一种语言根本上植根于说该语言的民族的文化和社会生活的习俗。 弗斯：情景语境和言语功能类型的概念可以抽象为纲要式的结构成分，从而适用于各种事件。情景语境的内部关系可描写为： 1. 参与者的有关特征：人物， 人品 (a)参与者的言语活动 (b)参与者的非言语活动 2. 有关事物 3. 言语活动的影响 韩礼德：语言是一种那个有规律的资源，用来说明语境中的意义，而语言学是研究人们通过使用语言来交流意义。把语言看作意义潜势意味着语言不是界定完善的系统，不是所有合乎语法句子的总合。它也意味着语言是自然存在的，因而必须在语境中研究。;;阶与范畴语法;;系统语法;;;;功能语法;;;;概念功能;（1）物质过程 物质过程是表示做某件事的过程（a process of doing）。这个过程本身一般由动态动词（如build, break）来表示，“动作者”（Actor，即逻辑上的主语）和动作的“目标”（Goal，即逻辑上的直接宾语）一般由名词（如my brother，house）或代词（如he）来表示，如： My brother built all these houses. Actor Process Goal ;;;（4）行为过程 行为过程指的是诸如呼吸、咳嗽、叹息、做梦、哭笑等生理活动过程（a process of behaving）。常用的动词有breather，cough，sigh，dream，laugh，cry，watch，listen等。 She laughed heartily. Behaver Process Circumstantial;;;;;;;;;人际功能;由此可以得出四种最主要的言语功能： 提供（offer），命令（command），陈述（statement），提问（question）。 Offer: Would you like a cup of tea? (no standard realization) Command: Make me some tea! (typically realized by imperative) Statement: I had to make the tea myself. (typically realized by declarative) Question: Do you take sugar with your tea? What kind of tea do you prefer? (typically realized by interrogative) ;;Response to offer: Yes please / No thanks. Response to command: Hearer does something, or refuses to do something Response to statement: Hearer acknowledges the proposition or contradicts it (e.g. yes; mm; right / No, you didnt; Thats not true.). Response to question: Yes; No; I prefer herbal tea. / Why are you asking me that?;语气成分（Mood） The duke’s given away that teapot, hasn’t he? —Oh, has he? —Yes, he has. —No, he hasn’t! —I wish he had. —He hasn’t, but he will. —Will he? —He might.;;Mood-Residue;Subject: The element about which something is predicated; the entity that the Speaker wants to make responsible for the validity of the proposition being advanced in the clause. (Thompson) th