文体学chapt 3 Surface- structure Deviation.ppt

Chapter 3 Surface-structure Deviation ;Revision of chapter 2 1. What is style? 2. What is the most important view on style? 3. How is foregrounding achieved? 4. Discuss the following topics: 1) Role of idiolect 2) Role of regional dialect 3) Role of social dialect 4) Black English 5) Sex-related variations 6) Relation between speech situation and formality of style ;Contents of this chapter 1. Introduction 2. Phonological deviation 3. Graphological deviation (including grammetrics) 4. Syntactic deviation 5. Lexical deviation 6. Summary; 1. Introduction In this chapter we will deal with four types of surface structure deviation, namely, phonological deviation, graphological deviation, syntactic deviation, and lexical deviation.;2. Phonological deviation There are chiefly three types of phonological deviation: omission, mispronunciation and substandard pronunciation, special pronunciation. 2.1 Omission Omission refers to the omission of a sound or sounds in speech. Three types of omission: 1) aphesis, the omission of an initial part of a word: “’mid” (for “amid”); 2) syncope, the omission of a medial part of a word: “ne’er” (for “never”); 3) apocope, the omission of a final part of word: “wi’” (for “with”). Function: Such omissions, as conventional licenses of verse composition, are often used by poets to change the pronunciations of the original words so as to better and more easily arrange sound patterns to achieve the intended communicative effects. ; 2.2 Mispronunciation and sub-standard pronunciation Consider the analysis of the stylistic effects of mispronunciation and substandard pronunciation employed in examples (4), (5), and (6): pp.25-29. Below are some more examples: “Ah!” said Joe. “There’s another conwict off.” (C. Dickens, Great Expectations) “We shot him, Granny!” I cried. “We shot the bastud!” (William Faulkner, Unvanquished);坐在那里的小孩扭过头，眼睛忽闪忽闪地望着我，说：“叔叔！我不是银（人）？”（杜鹏程《夜走灵官峡》） He asked, “Wul-well, w