国际贸易各种理论详细介绍.doc

比较优势理论Law of Comparative Advantage 　　鉴于绝对优势理论的局限性，大卫· HYPERLINK /view/149773.htm \t _blank 李嘉图(David Ricardo)在《 HYPERLINK /view/133406.htm \t _blank 政治经济学及赋税原理》中继承和发展了斯密的理论。 　　李嘉图认为国际贸易分工的基础不限于绝对成本差异，即使一国在所有产品的生产中劳动生产率都处于全面优势或全面劣势的地位，只要有利或不利的程度有所不同，该国就可以通过生产劳动生产率差异较小的产品参加国际贸易，从而获得比较利益。 比较优势理论遵循“两优取其重，两劣取其轻”的原则，认为国家间技术水平的相对差异产生了比较成本的差异，构成国际贸易的原因，并决定着国际贸易的模式。 The theory of comparative advantage is an economic theory about the work  HYPERLINK /wiki/Gains_from_trade \o Gains from trade gains from trade for individuals, firms, or nations that arise from differences in their  HYPERLINK /wiki/Factor_endowments \o Factor endowments factor endowments or  HYPERLINK /wiki/Technological_progress \o Technological progress technological progress. HYPERLINK /wiki/Comparative_advantage \l cite_note-1 [1] In an  HYPERLINK /wiki/Economic_model \o Economic model economic model,  HYPERLINK /wiki/Agent_(economics) \o Agent (economics) agents have a comparative advantage over others in producing a particular  HYPERLINK /wiki/Goods_(economics) \o Goods (economics) good if they can produce that good at a lower relative  HYPERLINK /wiki/Opportunity_cost \o Opportunity cost opportunity cost or  HYPERLINK /wiki/Autarky \o Autarky autarky price, i.e. at a lower relative  HYPERLINK /wiki/Marginal_cost \o Marginal cost marginal cost prior to trade. HYPERLINK /wiki/Comparative_advantage \l cite_note-uslabor-2 [2] One does not compare the monetary costs of production or even the resource costs (labor needed per unit of output) of production. Instead, one must compare the opportunity costs of producing goods across countries. HYPERLINK /wiki/Comparative_advantage \l cite_note-3 [3] The closely related law or principle of comparative advantage holds that under  HYPERLINK /wiki/Free_trade \o Free trade free trade, an agent will produce more of and consume less of a good for which they have a comparative advantage 保护贸易理论 　　1841年， HYPERLINK /view/3762.h