英语考研 胡壮麟版 语言学教程 English Linguistics Chapter 2.ppt

Chapter Two Speech Sounds;As human beings we are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system. We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics（语音学） and phonology（音系学）. ;Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. ;Phonetics includes three main areas: Articulatory Phonetics(发音语音学） is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics（声学语音学） is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics（听觉语音学） is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. Most phoneticians are interested in articulatory phonetics.;Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to ‘discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur’. In phonology we normally begin by analyzing an individual language, say English, in order to determine its phonological structure, i.e. which sound units are used and how they are put together. Then we compare the properties of sound systems in different languages in order to make hypotheses about the rules that underlie the use of sounds in them, and ultimately we aim to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages.;1. How speech sounds are made;;;Position of the vocal folds: voiceless;Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial the widest aperture);Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop;1.2 The IPA;One of the first activities of the Association was to produce a journal in which the contents were printed entirely in phonetic transcription. The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the Danish grammarian and phonetician Otto Jespersen (1860-1943) in 1886, and the first version of the International Phonetic Alphabet (the IPA chart) was published in August 1888. ;Its main principles were that the