2012年考研英语全真模拟题和答案解析汇总11.docx

2012年考研英语全真模拟题及答案解析汇总11 　　Part C 　　Directions: 　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) 　　46) A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend toward “directed” or “programmed” research; i. e. research whose scope and objectives are predetermined by private or government organizations rather than researchers themselves. Any scientist working for such organizations and investigating in a given field therefore tends to do so in accordance with a plan or program designed beforehand. 　　At the beginning of the century, however, the situation was quite different. At that time there were no industrial  HYPERLINK /kcnet1480/ /kcnet1480/  HYPERLINK /kcnet1480/ /kcnet1480/research organizations in the modern sense: the laboratory unit consisted of a few scientists at the most, assisted by one or two technicians. 47) Nevertheless, the scientist, often working with inadequate equipment in unsuitable rooms, was free to choose any subject for investigation he liked, since there was no predetermined program to which he had to conform. 　　48) As the century developed, the increasing magnitude and complexity of the problems to be solved made it impossible, in many cases, for the individual scientist to deal with the huge mass of new data, techniques and equipment that were required for carrying out research accurately and efficiently. The increasing scale and scope of the experiments needed to test new hypotheses and develop new techniques and industrial processes led to the setting up of research groups or teams using highly-complicated equipment in elaborately-designed laboratories. 49) Owing to the large sums of money involved, it was then felt essential to direct these human and material resources into specific channels with clearly-defined objectives. In this way it was considered that the quickest and most practi