第十章课件下载 [.ppt]Chapter 10.pptVIP

Chapter 10;Contents;10.1 Introduction;What does this example tell us?;cognitive linguistics Cognitive Linguistics is the study of language based on human bodily experience of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world. 认知语言学是基于人类对世界的经验以及他们感知和概念化世界的方式。;Background: Cognitive linguistics is a newly established approach to the study of language that emerged in the 1970s as a reaction against the dominant generative paradigm which pursues an autonomous view of language and has been increasingly active since 1980s. ;;10.2 Categorization and Categories;;;;;;;10.2.1 The classical theory;10.2.1 The classical theory;;;Criticisms of the classical theory;10.2.2 The prototype theory;Prototype the best example of a category The usefulness of the prototype theory ★It is useful for explaining how people deal with atypical examples of a category. ★It can explain how people deal with damaged examples. ★It can work for actions as well as objects. ;;;;10.2.3 Levels of categorization;Basic level 基本层次范畴 The categories at the basic level are those that are most culturally salient and are required to fulfill our cognitive needs the best. This is the level where we perceive the most differences between “objects” in the world. ;;;;Basic-level categories are basic in three respects: 1.Perception: overall perceived shape; single mental image; fast identification. 2.Communication: shortest, most commonly used and contextually neutral words first learned by children and first to enter the lexicon. 3.Knowledge organization: most attributes of category members are stored at this level.; Superordinate level 上位层次范畴 Superordinate categories are the most general ones. The members of a superordinate category do not have enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt at this level. 其特征体现在以下四个方面(Croft and Cruse)： 1 上位范畴没有基本层次范畴好，尽管它的成员可以区别于邻近的范畴，但是范畴内的相似性相对比较低。 2 上位范畴比基本层次范畴的定义特征是少。 3 基本层次范畴与上位范畴之间有单一的修饰关系。 4 从语言学的角度说，上位范畴的名词大多是物质名词，而基本层次范畴的名词是可数名词。