语言学导论_第8章LanguageSociety.pptVIP

Language and society;Language and society;Two approaches; Two main subjects ;Major concerns;Varieties of language ;Dialectal varieties;Regional dialect 地域方言 The linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region Causes: geographical barriers loyalty to one’s native speech physical psychological resistance At present: decreasing of geographical variation in language;Sociolect 社会方言 the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class same geographical region same regional dialect Features: phonetic features: -n’ -- -ing grammatical level: I can’t eat nothing. accent: Received Pronunciation (RP) 标准发音 (upper class speech, high-status marker) ;Language and gender 语言与性别 Intonation 语调 Female: a wider range; low-rise intonation Lexicon 词汇 Female: more adjectives of evaluation:nice,lovely, cute, fantastic more intensifiers: awfully, really, … On the whole Female: more correct, less assertive, more polite ;Language and age 语言与年龄 Lexical difference: e.g., icebox- fridge 火星文：符号、繁体字、日文、韩文、冷僻字或汉字拆分后的部分等非正规化文字符号组合而成（似乱码或错字，不规范，字面无法了解） 偶口以跟你作朋友吗？ 3Q 你是我的好麻吉！ 私今天没事做。 海皮，粉，河蟹，小盆友，…… ;Idiolect 个人语言 A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations E.g., Hemingway, Luxun In a narrow sense voice quality, pitch, speech tempo, rhythm,… ;Ethnic dialect 种族语言 mainly spoken by a less privileged population E.g., Black English Simplification of consonant clusters: mend, desk, told,… Deletion of “be”: You crazy. They mine. Double negation: He don’t know nothing. I ain’t afraid of no ghosts. ;Register;Three social variables ;Field? Tenor? Mode?;Degree of formality ;Standard dialect ;Pidgin Creole ;《洋泾浜英语歌谣集》;Pidgin Creole ;Bilingualism Diglossia 双语