句法差异-形合和意合.ppt

Comparative studies;整体综合与细节分析synthetic vs analytical. 中国人习惯于概括综合,整体把握,不强求形式分析与逻辑推理; 英语国家的人重个体成分的独立作用及相互关系,强调形式分析和规则的制约.;3. 句法的差异： 形合(hypotaxis / hapotactic)与意合(parataxis / paratactic);3. 句法的差异： 形合(hypotaxis/hapotactic)与意合(parataxis/paratactic);形合:英语的句子通常以主谓结构为主干，以谓语动词为中心，借助诸如分词、介词、连词、关系代词、关系副词之类的连接手段，把句子的其他各个语法成分层层搭架，呈现出由中心向外扩展的“分岔式或空间式”结构。 意合:汉语意合句则是按时间的先合顺序,即通过多个动词的连用或流水句形式,按时间顺序和事理推移的方法,一件一件交代清楚,一层一层铺开,呈现的是一个时间顺序的流水图形式. (Refer to Ex 2: 21)  ;1. 注意形式 vs 注意达意 形合: Let’s go home, as it is late. 意合:已经晚了,我们回去吧.;1. 注意形式 vs 注意达意 意合:①我常见许多青年的朋友，②聪明用功， ③成绩优异，④而语文程度不足以达意，⑤甚至写一封信亦难得通顺，⑥问其故曰其兴趣不在语文方面。(梁实秋《学问与趣味》) 形合: I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language. ;2. 词形变化组句 vs 多个动词按时间顺序组句. 形合: He jumped up and hastened to the mirror in the bathroom, taking away the towel to examine the cut upon his cheek. 意合:他跳起来,连忙跑到卫生间的镜子前,拿起毛巾,仔细察看脸上的伤口. 月亮故乡好,故乡好月亮.月好亮故乡,故乡月好亮. “有什么可吃的?” “您老,吃什么有什么.” “有什么吃什么!”;3. 英语多倒装句与汉语的不存 在倒装句. 形合: Never did I see him so angry. 意合:我从来没见到过他这么生气. 形合: Little does he know how much suffering he has caused. 意合:他就不大知道他给别人造成了多大的痛苦. E: do, does, did; C: 一般词序不变,只增加某些词而已. ;4. 空间搭架 vs 时间顺序的流水形图式. 形合: 复合句 意合:连动句 E: Refer to Ex 2: sentence 21. sentence 22;4. 空间搭架 vs 时间顺序的流水形图式. E:可以打破先后顺序或采取灵活的词序. 意合:注重动作的先后次序与因果的前后关系. 形合: After I had my dinner, I went for a walk. (I went for a walk after I had my dinner.) 意合:我吃过晚饭后出去散了散步. ;21. Dr. Smith (1) resumed重新开始the activities of anti-cancer experiment (2) begun in 1945 and (3)financed by the Federal government as soon as he (4) snapped 突然断裂from (5) his original disappointment at (6) repeated failures, which has (7) resulted in its forced suspension暂停. 史密斯医生于(2) 1945年开始着手(3)由联邦政府资助的抗癌实验。他由于(6)屡遭失败而(5)感到沮丧， (7)被迫终止了实验工作, (4)现在他又重新振作起来， (1)恢复了抗癌实验活动。;22. (1) They (the poor) are the first to e