英语学习和交流技能的培养.ppt

English Learning and Communication Skills;The Importance of COMMUNICATION ;;The Communication Models ;Transmission model Ideas as objects, language as a container, and communication as sending the container to another person. The principal problem with the transmission model of the communication process is that it creates the false impression that effective communication is simply a matter of packaging ideas carefully. This is not the case. ;System/Process Model ;Sensory data: information gathered by seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, or tasting. Filter: Beliefs Values Genetic and learned behavioral patterns Current physical and emotional state;Sender has idea;Communication Goals:;How Do We Communicate?;Obstacles That Create Misunderstanding Bypassing happens when people miss each other with their meanings. For instance, your boss asks you to “help” with a large customer mailing. When you arrive to do your share, you learn that you are expected to do the whole mailing yourself. You and your boss attached different meanings to the word “help”. ;Obstacles That Create Misunderstanding Frame of Reference（参照标准;准则） Everything one sees and feels in the world is translated through his individual frame of reference. One’s unique frame is formed by a combination of his experiences, education, culture, expectations, personality, and many other elements. As a result, one brings his own biases and expectations to any communication situation. ;Obstacles That Create Misunderstanding Lack of Language Skill Successful communication requires good oral and written language skills. ;Obstacles That Create Misunderstanding Emotional Interference and Physical Distractions Shaping an intelligent message is difficult when people are feeling joy, fear, resentment, hostility, sadness, or some other strong emotion. Physical distractions such as faulty acoustics, noisy surroundings, or a poor telephone connection can disrupt oral communication. ;To Overcome Obstacles: Careful