英语语法[01语法层次].ppt

Unit 1: Levels of English Grammar Issues of this unit: Levels of grammar units morpheme, word, phrase, clauses; 学习内容预告： 本单元之后，请预习： 第4、5讲：名词和名词词组、名词属格; The subject of this course: Language system: Sound system, for phonology (音系学) Meaning system, for semantics (语义学) Rule system, for grammar study This course studies the syntactic rules.;Different levels of forms in English: （Discourse Text） Sentence Clause Phrase Word Morpheme; A）Morphemes (词素) English morpheme Free morpheme Bound morpheme (自由词素) (粘附词素) e.g. man friend e.g. im- -y take luck… pre- -ess … (as roots, stems，词根、词干) (as affixes，词缀);Affixes： （词缀的结构分类） 1 prefix (前缀)： pre-war, antibody, impossible 2 suffix (后缀)： careful, farmer, nicely, homely 3 infix (中缀)： foot feet, statesman; 词缀的功能分类： 一些词缀是句法性的(syntactic)，如：-ed标示动词的过去时，-s则标示名词的复数或动词第三人称单数等；它们被称为“Inflectional affix (屈折词缀)；其他如：-s -ed -est ” 另一些词缀则是语义性的(semantic) ，例如：-er作为名词词尾，表示“one who …”的含义；它们通常被称为“Derivational affix (派生词缀)”; Next, let’s look more closely at some examples of stems, affixations and their roles in forming English words. （I have prepared a list of the stems, prefixes and suffixes of English words, which is in a Word file. If you are interested, you can copy it after class.）; 1）Examples of Prefixes: a-, an- / without, lacking, not / asymmetric, apolitical, asexual, anarchy bi- / two / bicycle, bilateral, biped, bipolar, bivalence ; 形式有差异，但意义相同的词缀： （词缀变体，由不同的语音导致的变化）： com-, con-, col-, cor-, co- / together, with / combine, compassion, concentric circle, contract collaborate, colleague correspond, correlation cooperation, coworker; 形式相同，但意义不同的词缀： im-, in-, il-, ir- / in, into, on / immigrant, import, income, illustration, irrigation (通常为名词、动词) im-, in-, il-, ir- / not / impossible, immature, ineff