2015 Chapter 1 morphology and derivations 2015.ppt

Chapter 1 morphology(形态) and derivations;1. Identifying morphemes（词素）;Practice: ;2. classifying morphemes ;;2) Lexical morpheme and grammatical morpheme (derivational and inflectional morpheme): Lexical morphemes are morphemes used for the construction of new words. like –ize. e.g. Globalize is created on the basis of two morphemes: golbal and –ize. Grammatical morphemes are morphemes used to express grammatical relationships between a word and its context, such as plurality or past tense (e.g. books, studied, fighting etc.);;Root, stem and base ;;Allomorphs （语素变体） [ ?l??m?:fs ];Allomorph can also be found in derivative[d?r?v?t?v] suffixes. -ion;-tion;-sion;-ation are the variants of the same suffix to create a noun. They only show a slight difference in the final phoneme of the verbs: verbs ending with the sound /t/ usually take –ion (invent, create); verbs ending with consonants other than /t/, take –tion (describe-description); verbs ending in –ify and –ize take –ation (justify-justification; modernize-modernization); verbs ending in –d, -de, or –mit, take –sion (expand; decide; omit);How about derivative prefixes: like im- occurs before p, b, or m (perfect; balance; mobile); ir- before r (responsible; resistible; respective); il- before l (logical; legal); in- before all other consonants and vowels.;3. Derivation(Affixation);;4) influence on word meaning and word class: en-（endanger, enslave，enthrone；enable， enlarge，enrich，enfeeble； enclosed，enfold）; be- （becloud，befriend，belittle， becalm）; a- （afire，afoot，astir，asleep）