A Brief Introduction to pragmatics(revised).ppt

A Brief Introduction to Pragmatics;主要内容;1.什么是语用学？; 一些语用学的定义： 语用学所研究的是说话人（或写作者）所传递的和听话人（或读者）所理解的意义。 语用学是从使用者的角度出发去进行研究的语言科学。 语用学是对互动意义的研究。 语用学是对“使用中的意义”或“语境中的意义”的研究。 语用学是对那些语义理论未涉及的意义方面的研究。 ……;;;;;;;;;What is pragmatics? —through examples; A father is trying to get his 3-year-old daughter to stop lifting up her dress to display her new underwear to the assembled guest. Father: We don’t DO that. Daughter: I KNOW, Daddy. You don’t WEAR dresses.;The children’s knowledge of vocabulary and grammar does not appear to be the problem. When the little boy’s mother asked him to wipe his feet, that is exactly what he did. The little girl explained why her father was not participating in the underwear show with perfect grammar and quite impeccable logic. ;;;;;;An example: Mike, Annie and Mike’s cat, Felix, are in Mike’s kitchen. What did Annie mean? Mike: What happened to that bowl of cream? Annie: Cats drink cream.;Now things have become considerably more complicated. We are no longer talking simply about what words or sentences mean, but what a person means as well. We have entered the realm of pragmatics and yet another meaning of meaning. It seems to me that in addition to saying that cream is drunk by cats, Annie is also accusing Felix of the crime (I would imagine that you came up with a similar answer). We can make these layers of meaning explicit by providing separate paraphrases for the semantic meaning (a semantic paraphrase or SP) and the pragmatic meaning (a pragmatic paraphrase or PP):; Cats drink cream. SP: Domestic felines consume the liquid fat of milk. PP: Felix probably drank the cream. Did you notice that when we are talking about what a particular speaker means, our paraphrases can be rather different from the literal meaning of the sentence that was uttered?; Linguists often make the distinction between a SENTENCE and an UTTERANCE. This distinction can be useful for two reasons