DEVELOPING CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS IN WRITING.ppt

Chapter 5;Developing Critical Thinking Skills;5.1 Critical Thinking and Writing;(1) What is Critical Thinking;(2) Critical Thinking in Writing;?;How to Advance a Thesis?;Issues Involved in Advancing a Thesis;(3) Logical Reasoning;Inductive or Deductive Reasoning?;Two Rules to Follow in Reasoning;Specific Rules for Deductive Reasoning ;中项必须有周延性 大前提：All zebras are striped. 小前提：This animal is striped. 结论：Therefore, this animal is a zebra. 三段论式中一定要有三个项(terms)，即大项、中项、小项；上述例子中，is a zebra是大项，striped是中项，animal是小项，其中中项起到连接大前提和小前提的作用。这个三段论式的结论是错误的，因为中项没有周延性(distributed)。换句话说，斑马（zebra）只是身上有条纹的动物中的一个种类。这个三段论式中的“有条纹的”（striped）判断词并没有涵盖所有身上有条纹的动物。因此，这是一个无效的推理。上述例子说明，演绎推理三段论式中的中项必须具有周延性。;三段论式中，两个前提不能都是否定的;两个特称前提不能得出结论; Hasty Generalization (轻率的概括): 证据不充分时所做的归纳。 e.g. Deaths from drug overdoses in Metropolis have doubled in the past three years. Therefore, more Americans than ever are dying from drug abuse. False Analogy (虚假的类比): 因为两种事物之间有某些相似之处，就得出结论说，这两种事物之间在其他方面也相似。 e.g. X is too old to be the principal because an old dog cannot learn new tricks. Equivocation (模棱两可): 指在论述中改变了概念的含义。 e.g. It is not in the public interest for the public to lose interest in politics. ;Either... or... Reasoning (两者取一): 指复杂的问题让人感觉似乎只有两个解决方案供选择，即或者选A 或者选B，而实际的选择不只限于A 或B。 e.g. Either go to university or forget about getting a job. Begging the Question (循环论证): 争论时提出一个观点，但是提出的论据是以提出的观点为基础。 e.g. Wrestling is a dangerous sport because it is unsafe. Red Herring (转移注意力): 在争论中提出一个不相关的问题以引开听众的注意力。 e.g. Why worry about pandas becoming extinct when we should be concerned about the plight of the homeless?; Self-Contradiction (自相矛盾): 这种逻辑错误是指两种情况不能同时都是真实的。 e.g. Only when nuclear weapons have finally destroyed us will we be convinced of the need to control them. Post Hoc/False Cause (错误的因果关系)：因为A发生在B之后，就认为B是A发生的原因. e.g. Since Governor Lee took office, unemployment for minorities in the state has decreased by 7 percent. Governor Lee should be applauded for reducing unemployment among minoritie