我们生存的隐喻.pptx

Metaphors we live by;Experiential gestalts and the dimensions of experience. What does it mean for a concept to fit an experience? Metaphorical structuring versus subcategorization. ;Experiential gestalt refers to the fact that people understand or think something based on things which they have cognized. In order to see in detail what is involved in metaphorical structuring, we must first have a clearer idea of what it means for an experience or set of experiences to be coherent by virtue of having a structure.; The argument is war metaphor Q: Suppose you are having a conversation and an argument. What is it that makes a conversation an argument, and what does that have to do with the war? ;1. Participants: The participants are of a certain natural kind, namely, people. 2. Parts: The parts consists of a certain natural kind of activity, namely, talking. 3. Stages: Conversations typically have a set of initial conditions and then pass through various stages, including at least a beginning, a central part, and an end. 4. Linear sequence: The participants’ turns at speaking are ordered in a linear sequence, with the general constraints that the speakers alternate.;5. Causation: The finish of one turn at talking is expected to result in the beginning of the next turn. 6. Purpose: Conversation may serve nay number of purposes, but all typical conversations share the purpose of maintaining polite social interaction in a reasonably cooperative manner.;Having a position Has a different position Conflict Attack Maneuvering Defense Retreat Counterattack Surrender victory; What gives coherence to this list of things that make a conversation into argument is that they correspond to elements of the concept war. In terms of the same six dimensions of structure that we gave in our description of conversational structure. ;In terms of the same dimensions of structure, we gave conversational structure;Participants: we distinguish kinds of participants. E.g. people, animals, ob