英语基本句型及主谓一致.docx

Part I 基本概念 1基本句型 1 )SVO 主-动-补 这种结构中的动词,多为linking verb(就是将动词的主语和其后的补充信息连接起来的动词.本身并不表示动作意义.如:seem, be, feel). E.g.: The apple is mine. The flower smells fragrant. 2)SV 主-动 其中的谓语动词通常是不及物动词(intransitive verb). E.g.: Everybody laughed. 3)SVO 主-动-宾 位于动词为及物动词(transitive verb),后必须跟一个宾语. E.g.: I want the apple. 4) SVoO 主-动-宾-宾 及物动词为”双宾语及物动词” ( ditransitive verb) E.g.: I made myself a cup of coffee. 5) SVOC 主-动-宾-补 及物动词(complex transitive verb)之后跟宾语和宾语补足语(对宾语进行补充说明). E.g.: We elected him our president. 补语并不是必不可少的成分,如果将fluently去掉,结构仍然完整,只是意义不同. E.g.: He speaks English fluently. 6) SVA 主-动-状 (A = adverbial, 对整个句子或者谓语动词进行补充说明) 由于谓语动词的词汇意义,其后必须跟地点状语或时间状语,否则句子结构不完整,意义不明确.例如: The train leaves at six. 7) SVOA 主-动-宾-状 句子需要地点状语和方式状语,否则句子结构不完整,意义不明确.例如: I put the newspaper in front of him. 核心句型 by Zellig Harris where: P = preposition; Vb = link verb; and A = attributive 2基本句型的转换和扩大 转换:由陈述句变疑问句,否定句,强调句etc 扩大:1)分句的并列 例如 He has gone to England and he studies literature there. 2) 增加修饰成分和只用从属分句.即使用从属分句来使表达的思想复杂化.如: We have come into an agreement in how should we treat our children and educate them. 并列和从属两种手段也可以重复使用. 例如: He (a successful scientist) is not only critical of the work of others, but also of his own, since he knows that man is the least reliable of scientific instruments and that a number of factors tend to disturb impartial and objective investigation. 扩展句子： Birds fly. Part II 主谓一致 主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词在”人称”和”数”的方面的一致关系. (汉语并不要求主谓一致.) 1指导原则 1.语法一致原则 Grammatical Concord 主语和谓语之间的一致性主要表现在”数”上,即用作主语的名词词组的中心词和谓语动词在单数和复数形式上的一致.例如: Every girl comes well dressed. Two girls are eating ice cream. 2. 意义一致 notional concord 有时,语法形式上的单复数,并不表示意义上的单复数,此时主谓一致关系则取决于主语的单复数意义.如:主语在语法形式上不是复数,但表示复数意义,则谓语动词要用复数(当government表示组成其的成员时),主语在形式上是复数,但是意义可视为单数,则谓语动词相应用单数.这种一致关系就叫做意义一致.例如: Five miles seems quite a long walk to Japanese. The team have been arguing about the matter. 3.就近原则 principle of proximity 当谓语动词的单复数取决于最靠近它的词语(主要指名词)的单复数形式,此时的一致关系所依据的原则就叫做”就近原则”.例如: Either my brothers or my sister i