Unit1 Diagno的sis.ppt

Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.;Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.;Diagnosis; The diagnostic process is the method by which health professionals select one disease over another ,identifying one as the most likely cause of a person’s symptoms . 诊断过程是卫生专业人员从另一种疾病中选择一种疾病,并明确最可能导致病人这些症状的原因的一种方法 ;New words;Reaching an accurate conclusion depends on the timing and the sequence of the symptoms, past medical history (PMH), risk factors for certain disease, and a recent exposure to disease. The physician, in making a diagnosis, also relies on various other clues such as physical signs , nonverbal signals of distress, and the results of selected laboratory and radiological and other imaging tests . From the large number of facts obtained , a list of possible diagnoses can be determined , which are referred to as the differential diagnosis 达到一个精确的结论取决于这些症状出现的时间和次序,既往病史(PMH),某些疾病的风险因素,以及最近接触过某种疾病。医生，在做出诊断时，也依赖于其它线索例如体征,痛苦的非语言信号,和选择的实验室、放射学和其他影像检查的结果 从获得的大量事实和一系列可能的诊断中确定一个诊断结果,这被称为鉴别诊断。 ;MEDICAL HISTORY;New words;A complete medical history consists of an account of:(1) the present illness, (2)past medical history,(3)family history,(4)occupational background,(5)psychosocial history , and(6)a review of body systems. 一个完整的病史由大量内容组成：（1）现病史（2）既往史（3）家族史（4）职业背景（5）心理社会史，和（6）系统回顾。 ;translation;;PHYSICAL EXAMINATION;;体检检查通过视诊，触诊,叩诊和听诊获得信息。 ;Inspection;;虽然许多精细的仪器有助于检查，但是一个好的视诊经常能发现很多信息。视诊应该从病人的一般面貌，营养状态，对称性，体位开始。消瘦和营养不良意味着慢性疾病。缺乏修饰或者懒散的姿态可能意味着抑郁、自卑。医生然后会做更多特殊皮肤检查。寻找发红或其它感染迹象，脱发，指甲增厚，痣或其他区域色素沉着——并且询问最近皮肤伤口变化，这些变化可能意味着早期癌症。视诊也应包含病人看不到的区域，例如头皮，背部，臀部。 ;Palpation;; 触诊是用手感受体表去发现体表下器官的特征。可以单手触诊或者双手触诊，可以浅部触诊或者深部触诊。浅部触诊用来发现压痛，肌肉痉挛，腹肌紧张。腹部深部触诊用来发现肝脾肾的大小和发现异常肿块。 触诊也用来发现和评估胸部，前列腺，淋巴结，睾丸的异常病变。如果心脏最强搏动点比正常偏左，触诊也能发现心脏增大。;Percussion;;叩诊是一种通过短暂的，突然的，急剧的轻叩或打击并且评价叩击的声音来决定所叩击部分密度的一种诊断方法。在腹部叩诊可以发现腹水，肠道的气体膨胀发生在肠阻塞,或肝脏肿大。最常用于胸部肺炎或者肺气肿。